Invertible aircraft

ABSTRACT

A rotorcraft including a fuselage, one or more motor-driven rotors for vertical flight, and a control system. The motors drive the one or more rotors in either of two directions of rotation to provide for flight in either an upright or an inverted orientation. An orientation sensor is used to control the primary direction of thrust, and operational instructions and gathered information are automatically adapted based on the orientation of the fuselage with respect to gravity. The rotors are configured with blades that invert to conform to the direction of rotation.

This application is a Continuation application of International PCTApplication No. PCT/US2012/000160, filed Mar. 22, 2012, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/465,705, filed Mar. 22,2011, each of which is incorporated herein by reference for allpurposes.

The present invention relates to an aircraft configured to fly and hoverin either an upright or inverted orientation with respect to gravity,and to a related rotor with invertible blades.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A common and dangerous task for friendly personnel (e.g., militarypersonnel or police) is clearing all or part of a building. Thistypically entails killing, capturing, or forcing the withdrawal of allenemy personnel (e.g., enemy combatants or criminals) in the building,while preventing innocent-bystander casualties and other collateraldamage. At some point in the act of clearing a building, a first squadof friendly personnel must enter a first room the building. Thisactivity may involve significant personal risk to the first squad. Oneway to lower this risk is to detonate a hand grenade, or other injurycausing or incapacitating device, in the room prior to entry.Nevertheless, such a device can harm innocent bystanders and/or causesignificant damage to property.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) havebeen developed for a large array of tasks. One such UAV task is foraerial reconnaissance. For example, the Raven® UAV, with a wingspan over4 feet, provides low-altitude surveillance and reconnaissanceintelligence for both military and commercial applications.Nevertheless, typical UAVs are not sized and configured for indoorflight in the crowded and complex settings typically encountered whileclearing a building, and getting a UAV into a building could proveproblematic in dangerous situations. Moreover, if a typical UAV wereused indoors, it would be difficult for it to recover from anyaccidental encounter with an object that interrupted its flight and madeit fall to the ground.

UGVs have been suggested for use in clearing buildings. Nevertheless,UGVs sized for indoor use would not provide good viewing angles, such asmight be needed to identify enemy personnel hiding in ambush behindbarriers. Furthermore, they are not configured to handle the array ofobstacles (e.g., stairs) that a typical indoor surveillance device couldencounter.

Accordingly, there has existed a need for an unmanned vehicle capable ofbeing used for surveillance in a crowded, indoor environment. There hasalso existed a need for methods of gathering intelligence for clearing aroom or building using such devices. Preferred embodiments of thepresent invention satisfy these and other needs, and provide furtherrelated advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In various embodiments, the present invention solves some or all of theneeds mentioned above, providing an unmanned vehicle capable of beingused for surveillance and gathering intelligence in a crowded, indoorenvironment, and related methods.

A UAV rotorcraft under the present invention may include a fuselage, oneor more rotors, one or more motors configured to drive the one or morerotors in rotation, and a control system. The fuselage defines avertical dimension (i.e., with respect to the fuselage), and the rotorsare generally oriented for vertical thrust (i.e., thrust along thevertical dimension with respect to the fuselage). The control system isconfigured to control the speed with which the one or more motors drivesthe one or more rotors in rotation.

Advantageously, the one or more motors are configured to drive the oneor more rotors in either of two directions of rotation, and the controlsystem is configured to control the one or more motors such that it canchange a primary direction of thrust (with respect to the fuselage)developed by the one or more of rotors by reversing their direction ofrotation. As a result, the rotorcraft can take off and fly in either anupright or an inverted orientation with respect to gravity. Therotorcraft is therefore not incapacitated if it becomes inverted.

An advantageous feature of the rotorcraft is that the control system maybe configured to control the primary direction of thrust with respect tothe fuselage based on the orientation of the fuselage with respect togravity. Moreover, the rotorcraft may include an orientation sensorconfigured to sense the orientation of the fuselage with respect togravity. Thus, the control system may be configured to control theprimary direction of thrust with respect to the fuselage based on asignal from the orientation sensor and without active instruction from aremote operator of the rotorcraft.

A further advantageous feature of the rotorcraft is that the controlsystem is configured to adapt its coordination of the rotors speeds, andto adjust the signals from all directional sensors (i.e., sensorsgenerating data that is orientation sensitive) based on the primarydirection of thrust with respect to the fuselage (i.e., based on theorientation of the fuselage with respect to gravity). Thus, operationalinstructions and gathered information can be provided withoutconsideration of the orientation of the fuselage (i.e., upright orinverted) with respect to gravity.

Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent fromthe following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, takenwith the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, theprinciples of the invention. The detailed description of particularpreferred embodiments, as set out below to enable one to build and usean embodiment of the invention, are not intended to limit the enumeratedclaims, but rather, they are intended to serve as particular examples ofthe claimed invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top view of a quadrotor UAV embodying the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a front cross-sectional view of the quadrotor UAV of FIG. 1,taken at line 2-2 of FIG. 1, flying in an upright orientation.

FIG. 3 is a front cross-sectional view of the quadrotor UAV of FIG. 1,taken at line 2-2 of FIG. 1, flying in an inverted orientation.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of portions of the quadrotor UAV of FIG. 1and a ground station for the quadrotor UAV of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a blade of the quadrotor UAV of FIG.1, taken at line 5-5 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a partial perspective view of an alternative version of arotor for the quadrotor UAV of FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a thruster including a motor, a bladeinversion mechanism and a rotor for one embodiment of the quadrotor UAV.

FIG. 8 is a first schematic view of the thruster of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a second schematic view of the thruster of FIG. 7.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of variation of the thruster of FIG. 7.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a thrusterincluding a motor, a blade inversion mechanism and a rotor.

FIG. 12 is a process diagram for a method embodying the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The invention summarized above and defined by the enumerated claims maybe better understood by referring to the following detailed description,which should be read with the accompanying drawings. This detaileddescription of particular preferred embodiments of the invention, setout below to enable one to build and use particular implementations ofthe invention, is not intended to limit the enumerated claims, butrather, it is intended to provide particular examples of them.

Generally, embodiments of a UAV under the present invention reside in ahover-capable UAV having one or more (and typically a plurality of)vertically oriented rotors (i.e., a rotorcraft). The UAV is configuredto reverse the thrust direction of one or more of the rotors to adapt itto the orientation of the UAV with respect to gravity. Preferredembodiments of the invention are quadrotor UAVs that include orientationsensors, and a control system configured to seamlessly (i.e., withoutrequiring any user input or adaptation) change the thrust direction ofeach rotor to adapt to the UAVs orientation, and to adapt all commanddata and received sensor data accordingly.

The present invention provides for a UAV that, among other tasks, canprovide for comparatively safe and civilian-friendly clearing of abuilding by friendly personnel (e.g., military personnel or police). Ina military action of clearing a building, at some point a first squad ofsoldiers must enter a first room the building. This activity may involvesignificant personal risk to the soldiers. One way to lower this risk isto detonate a hand grenade in the room prior to entry. Unfortunately,that hand grenade can harm innocent civilians and/or cause significantdamage to an innocent civilian's property.

Under a method of the invention, instead of a hand grenade, a small,remotely controlled UAV is delivered (e.g., tossed) into the room priorto the soldiers' entry into the room. Using the UAV, a pilot (typicallybeing another of the soldiers) flies the UAV around the room and uses avideo camera on the UAV to check for the presence of enemy personnel,explosives and other traps. Optionally, the UAV may be flown from roomto room to further check for dangers prior to the soldiers' entry. TheUAV can also either land on something, or affix itself to a surface suchthat it hangs from the surface without using rotor activity to maintainits position, such that it can serve as a security camera with a view(position and orientation) providing the soldiers' with ongoingintelligence of developing situations, and thus better security.

One problem with using a small quad rotor UAV for this is procedure isthat the UAV, when it is first tossed into the room, might land in anupside-down (i.e., inverted) orientation. Another problem is that duringflight, the UAV might be knocked to the floor (either by inadvertentlyrunning into something or being batted down), and end up in an invertedorientation. This later risk is particularly relevant when flyingthrough rooms with hanging objects (e.g., lights, fans and plants). Ineither case, a typical UAV, when inverted, would be effectivelyimmobilized with no way to right itself (i.e., to turn itself upright).A UAV under the preferred embodiment can adapt to being inverted andproceed accordingly.

With reference to FIGS. 1 to 4, a UAV 101 under a first embodiment ofthe invention is a quadrotor that defines an upright orientation (see,e.g., FIG. 2) with respect to gravity 91, i.e., it defines a verticaldimension 93 and an upward direction 95 with respect to the fuselagethat is opposite the direction of gravity when the fuselage is in theupright orientation. The quadrotor also defines an inverted orientation(see, e.g., FIG. 3) with respect to gravity 91 in which the upwarddirection 95 with respect to the fuselage is in the same direction asgravity.

The UAV 101 includes a body serving as a central fuselage 103, and fourpropulsion arms 105 extending laterally from a proximal end 107 that isconnected to the fuselage, to a distal end 109. The UAV also includesfour electric motors 111. Each motor is attached to the distal end of arespective propulsion arm. Each motor has a rotor 113 that is configuredto be driven in rotation by the motor in an orientation (i.e., arotational direction) that causes vertically downward thrust 115 withrespect to gravity when the UAV is in the upright orientation withrespect to gravity (see, e.g., FIG. 2). The combination of the motor andthe rotor form a thruster configured to provide thrust in a primarydirection of thrust with respect to the fuselage, i.e., along thevertical dimension.

The fuselage 103 includes a power source such as a battery 121, a flightcontrol system 123, and a sensor system 125 that includes a camera 127and an orientation sensor 129. The control system is configured tocontrol the speed with which the motors drive the rotors in rotation. Itis further configured to reverse the direction of rotation of therotors, and thus the motors are configured to drive the rotors in eitherof two directions of rotation.

The control system is configured, i.e., programmed, to coordinate theoperation of the rotors to accomplish controlled flight in response to aflight controller, as is known for quadrotor aircraft. This may be donein response to manual instructions sent by a flight controller in theform of a remote operator (such as is known for remote control vehiclesoperated by people) who is operating a ground station 131 configuredwith a processor 132, a display 133 to display a video feed from the UAVcamera 127, manual controls 135, a wireless transceiver 137, and a powersource such as a battery 139.

The manual controls 135 are human operated controls for manual flight,which may be in the form of an electronic or electromechanical devicesuch as a game controller or standard remote control transmitter. Theground station wireless transceiver 137 is configured to communicate viaa wireless connection 141 with a UAV wireless transceiver 143 to sendthe operator's high-level flight control inputs to the UAV flightcontrol system 123, and to receive information (such as a video feed)back from the UAV camera 127. Alternatively, high-level flight controlinputs may be generated in response to automated instructions within theflight control system in the form of a preset and/or adaptive controlprogram. This control program may use input from other sensors 145 suchas a signal from a GPS (Global Positioning System) sensor.

Typically, these instructions (whether manual or automated) will bedirected to high-level flight instructions (e.g., fly higher, flyforward, turn, and the like) and payload instructions (e.g., turn on thecamera, pan the camera, and the like). The control system 123 is adaptedto convert the high-level instructions into low-level instructions, suchas instructions that activate individual motors to actuate their rotorsat the desired rotor rotation rates and in the desired directions, orinstructions that control the power delivered to the motors toaccomplish that same purpose.

In the present embodiment, during typical flight all of the rotors 113will be creating thrust in the primary direction of thrust with respectto the fuselage 103. That primary direction of thrust will be in thevertical dimension 93, and will be either in a downward direction 97 orthe upward direction 95 with respect to the fuselage. At any given timeduring flight, for flight control reasons, it is possible that one ormore of the rotors could be directed to reverse its thrust direction(without changing the primary direction of thrust of the UAV). Thisability can add to the agility and maneuverability of the UAV, and/orassist it in conducting unusual maneuvers, such as to free itself froman entanglement.

The control system 123 is further configured to control the one or moremotors 111 such that it can change the primary direction of thrust withrespect to the fuselage (developed by the rotors) between the upwarddirection 95 and the downward direction 97. The primary direction ofthrust is changed based on the orientation of the rotorcraft fuselagewith respect to gravity. Such a change is normally done prior totakeoff. This may be done manually, i.e., at the direction of a remoteoperator observing the camera and manipulating the manual controls 135,or by the control system 123 based on a signal from the orientationsensor 129. Thus, the UAV can adapt its primary direction of thrustbased on its orientation. The primary direction of thrust might also bechanged during flight for a rapid, powered descent, should one beneeded.

The control system 123 is further configured to adapt its coordinationof the rotor speeds and directions based on the primary direction ofthrust (which is based on the orientation of gravity). In other words,the low-level instructions vary based on the orientation of the aircraftsuch that high-level instructions such as fly up and forward can be madewithout consideration of the orientation of the UAV 101 with respect togravity.

The UAV camera 127 has a field of view, which may be static with respectto the fuselage, or movable via an actuator. Thus, the camera is adirectional sensor configured to sense the external environment, andprovides a video feed for display on the display 133, allowing anoperator to control the UAV, and providing useful information to theoperator (such as the presence of dangers to personnel in the vicinityof the UAV). The control system 123 is configured to adjust the signalof this directional sensor (and any other onboard directional sensors)based on the primary direction of thrust. Thus, a remote operator or aperson reviewing the sensor data will view the information (e.g., thevideo feed) in a correct orientation with respect to gravity withouthaving to take any manual procedures to correct the orientation. Inother words, if the UAV is flying upside down, the control systemautomatically flips the picture so it is right side up when viewed bythe operator.

In a variation of this embodiment, the UAV 101 could deliver anuncorrected sensor stream (.e.g., a video feed not corrected for theorientation with respect to gravity), along with an orientation signal(from the orientation sensor 129) indicating the orientation of the UAVwith respect to gravity. The orientation signal may be continuouslysent, or may be sent at the initiation of each flight. The groundstation 131 would then be configured to correct the orientation of theinformation displayed on the display 133 based on the orientation signal(which is in turn based on the orientation of the UAV with respect togravity).

With reference to FIGS. 1 to 5, each rotor 113 of the UAV has aplurality of blades 151 that extend longitudinally out from a hub 153along a longitudinal blade axis 157, and blade guard 155 surrounding thepath through which the blades rotate. The longitudinal axis is normal tothe cross-sectional view of FIG. 5. The blade guard protects people andthings near the UAV from being hit by a blade. At the same time, theblade guard guards against things becoming entangled in the rotor, andagainst the rotor being inadvertently stopped when the UAV strikessomething.

In a first blade embodiment, and contrary to well accepted practice, therotor blades 151 are not configured as airfoils in which the camber isdifferent (e.g., larger) near a leading edge than near a trailing edge(as is typical for propellers and rotors). Instead, the blade ischaracterized by a 2-fold symmetry along the longitudinal blade axis(i.e., the cross section of the blade looks no different when rotated180° around the longitudinal blade axis. As a result, each blade isconfigured to produce equal thrust in either direction of rotation for agiven rotational speed.

With reference to FIG. 6, in a variation of the blade for theembodiment, each blade camber could be configured to be adaptable basedon the direction of rotation of the rotor. In one version, each bladeincludes a section of sailcloth 201 that extends between two relativelyrigid frame elements 203 that extend out from a rotor hub 205. The frameelements are offset from one another such that with the sailcloth hungloosely, the sailcloth will bow out during rotation of the rotor. As aresult, when the rotor rotates in a first rotational direction 211, thesailcloth will bow out in a shape adapted to produce thrust in a firstthrust direction 213. When the rotor rotates in the opposite rotationaldirection, the sailcloth will bow out in another shape that is adaptedto produce thrust in the opposite thrust direction.

With reference to FIG. 7, in another blade embodiment, blades 501 areconfigured with an efficient camber and shape for producing thrust inone direction, as is well known for aircraft propellers and helicopterrotors. To adapt to being used in either of two rotor rotationaldirections, the rotor is configured with a blade inversion mechanism 503that rotates each blade around its own longitudinal blade axis 505 suchthat the blade can be oriented in two positions that are substantially180 degrees apart. The blade is thereby adjustable to be oriented in thecorrect direction to create efficient thrust in either direction (i.e.,up or down with respect to the rotorcraft, in other words, down withrespect to gravity). The blades are adjustably oriented based upon thedirection the rotor is rotating, which in turn is based on theorientation of the rotorcraft with respect to gravity.

In this embodiment, the two blades 501 are mounted on a blade shaft 507that extends along the blade axes 505 of both blades. Rigidly mounted onthe blade shaft is a circular gear 509 (in the form of a spur gear)forming a gear plane that is normal to the blade shaft and the bladeaxes. The motor is within a motor housing 511, and is configured torotate a motor shaft 513 with respect to the motor housing around amotor axis of rotation 515. The blade inversion mechanism 503 includesan inversion disk 521, a support 523, a first stop 525 and a second stop527. The support, the first stop and the second stop are each attachedto the inversion disk.

The inversion disk is a flat, circular disk that is rotationallysymmetric around the motor axis of rotation 515 and forms a drivesurface 529. The inversion disk 521 is rigidly attached to the motorshaft 513 with the drive surface normal to the motor axis of rotation.Imprinted into the drive surface 529 of the inversion disk 521 is acircular track of teeth 531 concentrically encircling the support 523,effectively forming the inversion disk into an inversion gear 533 in theform of a crown gear.

The support 523 is restrained by the inversion disk 521 such that it isheld in place with respect to the inversion disk, but can freely rotatearound the motor axis of rotation 515 with respect to the inversiondisk. The blade shaft 507, in turn, is restrained by the support 523such that the blade shaft is held in place with respect to the support,but can freely rotate around the blade axes 505 with respect to thesupport. The circular gear 509 has a plurality of teeth 535. Thecircular gear teeth 535 are in contact with the inversion gear teeth 531such that the circular gear 509 is meshed with the inversion gear 533.

As a result of this configuration, the blades 501, blade shaft 507 andsupport 523 can freely rotate around the motor axis of rotation 515 withrespect to the inversion disk 521. When the blades, blade shaft andsupport rotate around the motor axis of rotation with respect to theinversion disk, the inversion gear 533, which is meshed with thecircular gear 509, drives the blades and the blade shaft in rotationaround the blade axes 505 with respect to the support 523.

The first and second stops 525, 527, are rigidly affixed to theinversion disk 521 on opposite sides of the support 523. They extend upinto the path of the blade shaft 507 as it rotates around the motor axisof rotation 515 with respect to the inversion disk, providing first andsecond limits to the range of positions through which the blade shaftcan rotate with respect to the inversion disk. While this function couldbe accomplished by a single stop, it is preferable to use two in orderto keep the rotor rotationally balanced around the motor axis ofrotation 515. Alternatively, other balancing mechanisms may be used torotationally balance the rotor.

At the first limit to the range of positions through which the bladeshaft can rotate with respect to the inversion disk 521, the blades areoriented for efficient thrust in a first direction 541 parallel to themotor axis of rotation 515. At the second limit to the range ofpositions through which the blade shaft can rotate with respect to theinversion disk, the blades are oriented for efficient thrust in a seconddirection 543 parallel to the motor axis of rotation 515. The first andsecond directions are opposite one another. The orientation of theblades 501 around the blade axes 505 while in the first position, issubstantially 180 degrees from the orientation of the blades around theblade axes while in the second position, with respect to the support.

The first and second stops 525, 527 are magnetic, and the blade shaft507 is composed of a ferromagnetic material. As a result, when the bladeshaft is in the first position the magnets will apply a force attemptingto hold it in the first position. Likewise, when the blade shaft is inthe second position the magnets will apply a force attempting to hold itin the second position.

When initially activated, the motor will apply a rotational force aroundthe motor axis of rotation 515 to the inversion disk 521, causing it tospin. Because the blades 501 and blade shaft 507 can rotate around themotor axis of rotation, with respect to the inversion disk, therotational inertia of the blades and blade shaft around the motor axisof rotation 515 will cause the inversion disk to rotate with respect tothe blades and blade shaft. The force of the motor is greater than therestraining force of the magnets, so the blade shaft will pull away fromthe magnetic stops if the blade shaft is in the wrong limit positionaround the motor axis of rotation.

The meshed gears 509, 531, will in turn drive the blades and blade shaftin rotation around the blade axes 505 until the blade shaft reaches theappropriate limit position (either the first or second limit of therange of positions through which the blade shaft can rotate around themotor axis of rotation) with respect to the inversion disk. The magneticnature of the stops with the blade shaft at the newly reached limitposition will limit the blade shafts from bouncing off of the stops asthe blade shaft reaches the new position.

At that limit position, the first and second stops will drive the bladesand blade shaft in rotation around the motor axis. It should be notedthat the blades and blade shaft have a much lower rotational inertiaaround the blade axis than around the motor axis of rotation, thusleading to the gears causing rotation around the blade axes rather thanrotation around the motor axis of rotation.

If difficulties arise from the magnetic stops restraining the mechanismfrom driving the blade shaft to the appropriate limit position, anadditional procedure may be used. In particular, the blades may first bedriven in the wrong direction, and then be driven in the appropriateposition. The angular momentum of the blades spinning in the wrongdirection will then help to break the magnetic hold of the stops on theblade shaft.

FIGS. 8 and 9, depict the transition of the thruster between thenupright orientation (shown in FIG. 8) and the inverted orientation(shown in FIG. 9). In a first relative orientation 601, the inversiondisk 521 is rotating in a first direction 603 around the motor axis ofrotation (relative to the motor housing), which causes the rotor(including the blades 501 and blade shaft 507) to rotate in a seconddirection 605 around the motor axis of rotation, relative to theinversion disk. In this orientation, the blades are positioned forupright flight, and the inversion disk drives the blades in rotationaround the motor axis of rotation (relative to the motor housing) toprovide upright vertical thrust.

In a second relative orientation 611, the inversion disk 521 is rotatingin a third direction 613 around the motor axis of rotation (relative tothe motor housing), which causes the rotor to rotate in a fourthdirection 615 around the motor axis of rotation, relative to theinversion disk. The first and third directions of rotation relative tothe motor housing are opposite one another. Likewise, the second andfourth directions of rotation relative to the inversion disk areopposite one another. In this orientation, the blades are positioned forinverted flight, and the inversion disk drives the blades in rotationaround the motor axis of rotation (relative to the motor housing) toprovide inverted vertical thrust.

Many variations of this blade embodiment are within the scope of theinvention. For example, in the present embodiment, the first and secondpositions of the blades and blade shaft are almost 180 degree apartaround the motor axis of rotation. If four stops are used (or two stopswith additional weights to balance the rotor), a much smaller rotationcould be set between the first and second position limits. This couldlead to a significantly smaller circular gear as compared to the size ofthe inversion disk.

With reference to FIG. 10, other configurations of stops may be used.For example, in a variation of this blade embodiment, blades 701 areagain configured with an efficient camber and shape for producing thrustin one direction, as is well known for aircraft propellers andhelicopter rotors. To adapt to being used in either of two rotorrotational directions, the rotor is configured with a similar bladeinversion mechanism 703 that rotates each blade around its ownlongitudinal blade axis 705 such that the blade can be oriented in twopositions that are substantially 180 degrees apart. The blade is therebyadjustable to be oriented in the correct direction to create efficientthrust in either direction (i.e., up or down with respect to therotorcraft, in other words, down with respect to gravity). The bladesare adjustably oriented based upon the direction the rotor is rotating,which in turn is based on the orientation of the rotorcraft with respectto gravity.

As was the case in the prior variation, in this variation, the twoblades 701 are mounted on a blade shaft 707 that extends along the bladeaxes 705 of both blades. Rigidly mounted on the blade shaft is acircular gear 709 (in the form of a spur gear) forming a gear plane thatis normal to the blade shaft and the blade axes. Mounted on the circulargear is a circular-gear stop having a first magnetic end 726 and asecond magnetic end 728.

The motor is within a motor housing, and is configured to rotate a motorshaft 713 with respect to the motor housing around a motor axis ofrotation 715. The blade inversion mechanism 703 includes an inversiondisk 721, a support 723, a first inversion-disk stop 725 and a secondinversion-disk stop 727. The support, the first inversion-disk stop andthe second inversion-disk stop are each attached to the inversion disk.

The inversion disk is a flat, circular disk that is rotationallysymmetric around the motor axis of rotation 715 and forms a drivesurface 729. The inversion disk 721 is rigidly attached to the motorshaft 713 with the drive surface normal to the motor axis of rotation.Imprinted into the drive surface 729 of the inversion disk 721 is acircular track of teeth 731 concentrically encircling the support 723,effectively forming the inversion disk into an inversion gear 733 in theform of a crown gear.

The support 723 is restrained by the inversion disk 721 such that it isheld in place with respect to the inversion disk, but can freely rotatearound the motor axis of rotation 715 with respect to the inversiondisk. The blade shaft 707, in turn, is restrained by the support 723such that the blade shaft is held in place with respect to the support,but can freely rotate around the blade axes 705 with respect to thesupport. The circular gear 709 has a plurality of teeth 735. Thecircular gear teeth 735 are in contact with the inversion gear teeth 731such that the circular gear 709 is meshed with the inversion gear 733.

As a result of this configuration, the blades 701, blade shaft 707 andsupport 723 can freely rotate around the motor axis of rotation 715 withrespect to the inversion disk 721. When the blades, blade shaft andsupport rotate around the motor axis of rotation with respect to theinversion disk, the inversion gear 733, which is meshed with thecircular gear 709, drives the blades and the blade shaft in rotationaround the blade axes 705 with respect to the support 723.

The first and second inversion-disk stops 725, 727, are rigidly affixedto the inversion disk 721 on opposite sides of the support 723. They arepositioned such that they respectively block the path of the firstmagnetic end 726 and a second magnetic end 728 of the circular gear stopas the circular gear rotates around the motor axis of rotation 715 withrespect to the inversion disk, providing first and second limits to therange of positions through which the blade shaft can rotate with respectto the inversion disk.

As in the prior variation, at the first limit to the range of positionsthrough which the blade shaft can rotate with respect to the inversiondisk 721, the blades are oriented for efficient thrust in a firstdirection 741 parallel to the motor axis of rotation 715. At the secondlimit to the range of positions through which the blade shaft can rotatewith respect to the inversion disk, the blades are oriented forefficient thrust in a second direction 743 parallel to the motor axis ofrotation 715. The first and second directions are opposite one another.The orientation of the blades 701 around the blade axes 705 while in thefirst position, is substantially 180 degrees from the orientation of theblades around the blade axes while in the second position, with respectto the support.

The first and second inversion gear stops 725, 727 are magnetic, and thetwo ends of the circular gear stop are magnetic. As a result, when theblade shaft is in the first position, two of the magnets will apply aforce attempting to hold it in the first position. Likewise, when theblade shaft is in the second position, the other two magnets will applya force attempting to hold it in the second position.

When initially activated, the motor will apply a rotational force aroundthe motor axis of rotation 715 to the inversion disk 721, causing it tospin. Because the blades 701 and blade shaft 707 can rotate around themotor axis of rotation, with respect to the inversion disk, therotational inertia of the blades and blade shaft around the motor axisof rotation 715 will cause the inversion disk to rotate with respect tothe blades and blade shaft. The force of the motor is greater than therestraining force of the magnets, so the blade shaft will pull away fromthe magnetic stops if the blade shaft is in the wrong limit positionaround the motor axis of rotation.

The meshed gears 709, 731, will in turn drive the blades and blade shaftin rotation around the blade axes 705 until the blade shaft reaches theappropriate limit position (either the first or second limit of therange of positions through which the blade shaft can rotate around themotor axis of rotation) with respect to the inversion disk. The magneticnature of the stops with the blade shaft at the newly reached limitposition will limit the blade shafts from bouncing off of the stops asthe blade shaft reaches the new position.

At that limit position, the stops will drive the blades and blade shaftin rotation around the motor axis. It should be noted that the bladesand blade shaft have a much lower rotational inertia around the bladeaxis than around the motor axis of rotation, thus leading to the gearscausing rotation around the blade axes rather than rotation around themotor axis of rotation.

If difficulties arise from the magnetic stops restraining the mechanismfrom driving the blade shaft to the appropriate limit position, anadditional procedure may be used. In particular, the blades may first bedriven in the wrong direction, and then be driven in the appropriateposition. The angular momentum of the blades spinning in the wrongdirection will then help to break the magnetic hold of the stops on theblade shaft.

In another variation, the rotor could be configured with more than twoblades. To do that, separate gearing would likely be provided for eachblade, or for each pair of blades. In yet other variations, this bladeinversion mechanism could be driven through a variety of otherstructural arrangements, both using other arrangements of gears and/orother rotational mechanisms. For example, the blade inversion could bedriven by a separate motor mechanism that is actively controlled by acontrol system.

With reference to FIG. 11, in another rotational mechanism, the rotor isdriven by cables and/or strings. More particularly, a motor shaft 813 isconfigured to be driven in rotation around a motor axis of rotation 815by a motor. A support 823 is concentrically received on the motor shaft,and is configured to freely rotate around the motor axis of rotationwith respect to the motor shaft. The support has a support shaft 841extending laterally in a direction forming a blade axis 805 for a blade801. The blade is carried on a blade shaft 807, which is concentricallyreceived on the support shaft, and is configured to freely rotate aroundthe blade axis with respect to the support 823.

The blade shaft 807 has first and second arms 843 extending in oppositedirections normal to the blade axis 805. Each arm is provided with acable 845 that is wrapped around and attached to the motor shaft 813.The cables of the two arms are wrapped in opposite directions. When themotor shaft rotates in the first direction, a first arm's cable wrapstightly around the motor shaft, while the second arm's cable loosens up.As a result, the tightly wrapped first-arm cable pulls on its arm,causing the first arm to drive the blade to rotate around the blade axisof rotation with respect to the support 823, and then causing the bladeto rotate around the motor axis of rotation. When the motor shaftrotates in a second, opposite direction, the second arm's cable wrapstightly around the motor shaft, while the first arm's cable loosens up.As a result, the tightly wrapped second-arm cable pulls on its arm,causing the arm to drive the blade to rotate in the opposite directionaround the blade axis of rotation with respect to the support 823, andthen causing the blade to rotate around the motor axis of rotation inthe opposite direction.

It should be noted that the various blade inversion mechanisms are notlimited to mechanisms that rotate each blade 180 degrees around itsblade axis. If differing amounts of thrust are required in the oppositedirections, or if differing environmental conditions exist between theuse in one direction and in the other direction, then it might bepreferable to rotate to positions a little over or a little under 180degrees. Moreover, while the two limit positions are generally 180degrees apart, the blades could be rotated much more to travel betweenthose positions. For example, if a much smaller circular gear is desiredwith respect to the inversion disk, the gearing could be configured forthe blades to rotate 540 degrees (i.e., 180 degrees plus 360 degrees),or 900 degrees (i.e., 180 degrees plus 720 degrees).

It should be noted that the blade inversion mechanism may havesignificant uses outside of the aircraft arts. For example, a rotorhaving this blade inversion mechanism could be used for a wide varietyof fans ranging from ceiling fans to fans used in a wide variety ofindustrial applications. Likewise, the blade inversion mechanism mayalso have marine applications.

With reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, the embodiment may further include oneor more surface-connection devices 301 configured to allow therotorcraft to affix itself to a surface such that it hangs from thesurface, and thus that it does not need rotor activity to maintain theposition. Such surface-connection devices may be of a variety of types(e.g., magnets, adhesive devices, hook and latch materials, and suctiondevices), and their selection will depend on the nature of theenvironment in which the UAV will operate. The reversibility of themotors can provide for an increased ability of the rotorcraft to breakfree of such a connection once it is no longer desired. For example, tworotors pushing one way and two pushing the other might provide enoughtorque to free a hook and latch attachment.

Other embodiments include variations of the above-described information.For example, such embodiments may be based on other numbers of motorsand/or rotors, and more generally can be described as having one or moremotors, and/or one or more rotors.

With reference to FIG. 12, a method of gathering intelligence (such asof dangers) prior to entering a room under the invention resides in thesteps of 1) delivering 401 (e.g., tossing) a UAV such as theabove-described UAV quadrotor into the room, 2) adapting 403 the UAV tohave a primary direction of thrust based on the orientation of the UAVwith respect to gravity once it has come to rest in the room, 3)instructing 405 the UAV to fly, and 4) scanning 407 the room using asensor such as the camera to gather intelligence, such as determiningthe presence of dangers. While these steps will typically be conductedin sequential order (and/or simultaneously for some of the steps), otherorders are possible, such as scanning the room prior to flight.Optionally, the method may also include the step of 5) if the flight ofthe UAV is interrupted prior to the completion of steps (2) through (4)(or before the completion of all the steps if there are more steps),then restarting 411 all the steps from step (2).

Optionally, method may alternatively or further include the steps of 5)instructing 421 the UAV to fly to one or more additional rooms, and 6)scanning 423 the one or more additional rooms, using the sensor, tofurther gather intelligence, such as determining the presence ofadditional dangers, prior to entry. Optionally, the method may also oralternatively include the steps of 5) affixing 431 the UAV to hang froma surface in a position and orientation in which the sensor can providecontinuing intelligence, such as of dangers, and 6) continuing 433 toscan using the sensor to gather intelligence, such as of developingdangers, from the position in which the UAV is affixed.

It is to be understood that the invention comprises apparatus andmethods for designing and for producing UAVs, as well as the apparatusand methods of using the UAV. Additionally, the various embodiments ofthe invention can incorporate various combinations of these featureswith existing UAV missions. In short, the above disclosed features canbe combined in a wide variety of configurations within the anticipatedscope of the invention.

While particular forms of the invention have been illustrated anddescribed, it will be apparent that various modifications can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus,although the invention has been described in detail with reference onlyto the preferred embodiments, those having ordinary skill in the artwill appreciate that various modifications can be made without departingfrom the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is notintended to be limited by the above discussion, and is defined withreference to the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A rotor for use with a motor with a shaftconfigured to drive the rotor in either of two opposite directions ofrotation, comprising: one or more blades, each blade having alongitudinal blade axis; an inversion mechanism configured to rotateeach of the one or more blades around the longitudinal blade axisbetween a first position oriented for efficient thrust in a firstdirection parallel to the two directions of motor rotation, and a secondposition oriented for efficient thrust in a second direction parallel tothe two directions of rotation of the motor, the first and seconddirections of thrust being in opposite directions.
 2. The rotor of claim1, wherein the orientation of each blade around the blade axis in thefirst position is substantially 180 degrees different from theorientation of that blade in the second position.
 3. The rotor of claim1, wherein the inversion system includes: a first gear attached to theblades; a second gear attached to the motor shaft, wherein the firstgear is meshed with the second gear; and one or more stops configured tolimit the relative movement of the first gear with respect to the secondgear.
 4. The rotor of claim 1, wherein the inversion system includes acable affixed to and wrapped around the motor shaft in a configurationthat drives the blades to the first position when the motor shaftrotates in the first direction, and that drives the blades to the secondposition when the motor shaft rotates in the second direction.